Oxyntomodulin

This is a naturally occurring peptide hormone that is secreted by L cells of the gut. Secretion is stimulated by food intake. Amount of hormone secreted is directly proportional to the amount of calories ingested. In the stomach it decreases gastric acid secretion. When administered exogenously, oxyntomodulin has been found to have various effects on food intake and weight. It suppresses appetite by inducing satiety through effect on appetite centers of the brain; the hypothalamus and the brainstem. A person is able to eat less without alteration in the enjoyment of food. It has also been shown to increase the physical activity of obese individual to near normal. This results in increased energy expenditure and provides a negative balance in terms of food intake and energy spent. This promotes burning of excess body fat, thereby resulting in weight loss. Marked decrease in fat tissue stores is also associated with the hormone.

Vitamin Supplements and Medications

We strongly encourage a healthy balance diet after bariatric surgery. Even with a balanced diet, it is difficult to consume enough variety to ensure that you are meeting all of the recommended amounts of each vitamin regularly.

Stomach

The stomach is a muscular sac that lies between the esophagus and the small intestine in the upper abdomen. The stomach is not the only part of your digestive system that absorbs food but rather is a part of the digestive system and important for churning food into a consistency that is easier to digest for the rest of your intestines.

Intestine

The small intestine is a long tube that is approximately 18 feet long (6 meters). The small intestine is called small because the diameter or the width of the tube is much less than the large intestine. The parts of the small intestine include the duodenum, jejunum and the ileum. The duodenum is a segment of intestine between the stomach and the jejunum that is very active in digestion where many different enzymes mix from the stomach, liver, gallbladder and pancreas.

Theoretic Hormonal Impact of Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy Surgery

Classified as a restrictive procedure, laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy involves modification of the gastric fundus, which expresses various hormones associated with hunger and satiety, insulin secretion and energy balance, and is known to induce rates of type 2 diabetes remission comparable to those observed following malabsorbtive procedures such as the Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB).

Theoretical Gut Hormone Changes after Gastric Bypass

Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery is one of the most commonly performed bariatric procedures, offering significant long-term benefits in terms of weight reduction and remission of obesity-related conditions including type 2 diabetes. These changes are thought to be induced via a combination of mechanisms including reduction in stomach capacity and reduced absorption of fat, in addition to the restrictions placed on consumption of highly osmolar foods such as those high in simple sugars, which can trigger symptoms including nausea, vomiting and dizziness if ingested in excessive quantities. However, these factors alone do not fully account for the success of the procedure. Various hormonal changes have been observed following RYGB surgery, prior to significant weight loss, and it is thought that such endocrine effects could also contribute towards the mechanism of action in RYGB.